Evidence before this study
Communicable diseases have long been recognised as a cause of substantial health loss globally, but few studies to date have concentrated on pathogen-specific mortality caused by common bacterial pathogens. Many estimates exist for pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium spp, and HIV but estimates of the burden of bacterial infections have been restricted to either a small number of locations, specific populations (such as invasive pneumococcal disease in children younger than 5 years), or a small number of bacteria in the context of the scope of infectious syndromes (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis as a cause of meningitis). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Active Bacterial Core surveillance and Emerging Infections Program, and the European CDC’s European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network have provided crucial estimates of selected invasive bacterial infections in high-income countries. These estimates are important first steps in building our understanding of the burden of specific bacterial infections but they provide an incomplete picture: within the locations with the greatest infectious burden, the mortality associated with these pathogens remains unknown, making it difficult to set global public health priorities.
Added value of this study
To our knowledge, this is the first study to produce global estimates of mortality associated with 33 clinically significant bacterial pathogens (including those susceptible to antibacterial compounds) across 11 infectious syndromes, and to provide these estimates for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. This analysis is intended to provide an audit of the mortality associated with common bacterial pathogens. We estimated the number of deaths associated with each of these bacterial pathogens using three modelling steps: deaths where infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to infectious syndromes attributable to a given pathogen. Deaths in which infection had a role were estimated using the number of deaths for which either the underlying cause of death was infectious or the pathway of death was through sepsis. The fraction of deaths due to infection attributable to a given infectious syndrome was estimated using data to determine the infectious syndrome responsible for sepsis by underlying cause of death, age, sex, and geographical location. The fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome attributable to a given pathogen was estimated by integrating estimates of pathogen-specific and syndrome-specific case-fatality ratios with modelled pathogen distributions for each infectious syndrome that varied by age and geographical location.
Implications of all the available evidence
Our findings show that more than half of all global bacterial deaths in 2019 were due to five bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The substantial burden of health loss associated with these five pathogens requires increased attention from the global health community and collaborative intervention approaches. Understanding the leading infectious syndromes and pathogens for each region is of the utmost importance so that targeted prevention efforts can be implemented. This study can be used to guide strategies for reducing the burden of bacterial infectious diseases, including infection prevention and control measures, vaccine development and implementation, and the availability of basic acute care services.
Introduction
,
,
A recent study estimated that there were more than 10 million sepsis-related deaths in 2017, indicating that infections were involved in more than 20% of deaths globally for that year.
Reducing the number of deaths due to infections is a foundational principle in moving towards health equity
because there is a disproportionate infectious burden in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).
,
Preventing and effectively treating infections is also essential to achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3: ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages.
Although the contribution of non-bacterial causes (eg, fungal infections, malaria, and HIV) to the overall infection burden must be acknowledged, reducing the number of cases and health impact of bacterial infectious diseases is a priority area that necessitates a multipronged approach with infection prevention and control measures;
vaccine development, deployment, and uptake;
,
and early and effective case management.
,
Detailed estimates of the number of deaths related to bacterial infections and their causes are an important step in tracking progress towards global health goals and are essential to inform priorities for vaccine and drug development.
infectious syndromes,
or high-income countries.
For example, global estimates of the burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae are available; however, these estimates are mostly restricted to children younger than 5 years
or as a cause of pneumonia or meningitis
and do not reflect the total burden across all populations and all infectious syndromes.
Estimates of selected invasive bacterial infections exist in high-income countries that use passive surveillance systems, such as the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Active Bacterial Core surveillance and Emerging Infections Program
and the European CDC’s European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network.
Although such estimates offer important insights, no comprehensive estimates exist covering all locations for a broad range of bacteria across major infectious syndromes. Notably absent are country-level estimates for LMICs, which have the greatest burden of infectious diseases,
as also emphasised by the recent Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study.
For this reason, there has been profound neglect of these pathogens, and relevant infectious syndromes, in global advocacy campaigns aiming to maximise life-saving interventions.
and the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study
to estimate global, regional, and national mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) associated with these 33 bacterial pathogens across 204 countries and territories and 286 underlying causes of death, by age and sex, in 2019. This manuscript was produced as part of the GBD Collaborator Network and in accordance with the GBD Protocol.
Methods
Overview
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Detailed methods have been published elsewhere.
Briefly, using 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years, we implemented three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each bacterial pathogen across 204 countries and territories for 2019. First, we estimated the overall number of deaths in which infection had a role using methods described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance study.
Second, we determined the infectious syndrome responsible for each death due to an infection. Finally, for each infectious syndrome we estimated the distribution of pathogens responsible. With the use of these components, we estimated the number of deaths associated with each of the 33 bacterial pathogens of interest in this study. A summarising flowchart and detailed approach description for each step of the estimation process are in appendix 1 (section 10). All estimates were produced by age, for males and females, and for 204 countries and territories.
throughout the study (detailed in appendix 1 [section 7]). This study complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER) recommendations.
The complete GATHER checklist is provided in appendix 1 (section 8).
Input data
We selected data inputs only if they were based on a representative sampling framework that would not bias the aetiology estimation towards a specific pathogen (eg, we did not deliberately sample 100 cases of every pathogen). The input data source types that met these criteria were: multiple-cause-of-death and vital registration data; hospital discharge data; linkage data sources; mortality surveillance in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) study; literature reviews of the microbial cause of meningitis, neonatal sepsis, lower respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, peritonitis, and bone and joint infections; and laboratory-based passive surveillance data. We used multiple-cause-of-death and vital registration data, hospital discharge data, CHAMPS, and linkage data sources to estimate the number of deaths for which infection had a role and the distribution of infectious syndromes (appendix 1 [section 4]). We used data from CHAMPS, literature reviews, and laboratory-based passive surveillance systems to estimate the pathogen distribution for each infectious syndrome (appendix 1 [section 6]). The number of individual records or isolates used in each step for each of the GBD regions is shown in appendix 1 (p 62).
Deaths in which infection played a role
Briefly, we estimated the number of deaths for which either the underlying cause of death was infectious (using GBD 2019 estimates) or for which a contributing factor in the death was sepsis and the underlying cause was non-infectious. For the identification of sepsis in non-infectious underlying causes of death, we used the following data inputs: 121 million cause-of-death records with multiple-cause-of-death data from eight countries and territories; 192 million hospital records with patient discharge status from seven countries and territories; 264 000 multiple-cause-of-death records linked to hospital records from ten countries and territories; and 849 deaths from CHAMPS sites across six countries. We developed a random-effects logistic regression model to predict the fraction of deaths involving sepsis for each underlying cause of death, age, sex, and geographical location using methods described previously.
,
Using this cause-fraction, we estimated the number of deaths for which the underlying cause was non-infectious and sepsis occurred. We then added this to the number of deaths in which the underlying cause was infectious from GBD 2019 to estimate the number of deaths in which infection had a role.
Infectious syndrome estimates
and are in appendix 1 (section 4). Briefly, we used the available data described in the Input data section (multiple cause of death, hospital data with patient discharge status, linkage data, and CHAMPS) to determine the infectious syndrome responsible for sepsis by underlying cause, age, sex, and geographical location. Within our modelling framework, an infectious syndrome is the infection directly responsible for sepsis and serves as the bridge between the underlying cause of death and sepsis. We estimated 11 infectious syndromes: meningitis and other bacterial CNS infections; cardiac infections; peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections; lower respiratory infections and all related infections in the thorax; bacterial infections of the skin and subcutaneous systems; infections of bones, joints, and related organs; typhoid, paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella; diarrhoea; urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis; bloodstream infections; and gonorrhoea and chlamydia. We then used syndrome-and-age-specific mixed effects logistic regression models (using sex, Healthcare Access and Quality Index, and syndrome-specific bias covariates and a nested random effect on underlying cause) to estimate the fraction of sepsis-related deaths that were caused by each infectious syndrome for each underlying cause of death, age, sex, and geographical location. Applying this fraction to the estimate of number of infection-related deaths from the previous step, we determined the number of deaths that occurred due to a given infectious syndrome by underlying cause of death, age, sex, and geographical location. We estimated deaths with an infectious syndrome as the sum of deaths with the syndrome as an underlying cause of death (ie, for those syndromes considered to be underlying causes) plus deaths with a non-infectious underlying cause where the syndrome was estimated to occur (eg, all deaths where the underlying cause was meningitis plus all road traffic injury deaths in which meningitis occurred). Bloodstream infections; infections of bones, joints, and related organs; and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections are not estimated in GBD, so for these three infectious syndromes, we assumed they had a non-infectious underlying cause to estimate deaths.
Pathogen distribution
and are in appendix 1 (sections 5 and 6), including exceptions and special handling decisions. Briefly, we used data from 343 million isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years to estimate pathogen distributions for each infectious syndrome that varied by age and location, with a subset of this data adapted to calculate pathogen-specific and syndrome-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs). We selected a set of pathogens to be explicitly estimated as part of the cause of each infectious syndrome. This selection was based on several factors. First, selection was influenced by the prevalence of each pathogen in the raw data, because the amount of available data restricts the number of pathogens that can be estimated successfully. Second, we aimed to produce estimates for the combination of pathogens that, collectively, represented at least 85% of the aetiological causes of a given infectious syndrome. We included three residual categories: (1) other bacteria and (2) polymicrobial—for bacteria that did not meet these criteria or had two or more bacteria isolated from a single isolate—and (3) non-bacterial pathogen, for pathogens that were not bacteria (ie, viruses, fungi, or parasites).
Estimating mortality and YLLs
that convert age-specific deaths into YLLs using the standard counterfactual life expectancy at each age.
Uncertainty and validity analysis
we propagated uncertainty from each step of the analysis into the final estimates of deaths associated with each pathogen by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of 1000 draws from the posterior distribution of each quantity of interest. To assess model validity, we calculated the root mean square error and coefficient of determination (R2) for each pathogen distribution model in proportion space for both in-sample and out-of-sample predictions (appendix 1 [section 6.5]).
Role of the funding source
The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or the writing of the report.
Results
TableGlobal number of deaths and age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population by bacterial pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019
95% uncertainty intervals are shown in parentheses. Death counts are shown to three significant figures and age-standardised mortality rates are shown to one decimal place. iNTS=invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella. Salmonella Typhi=Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Salmonella Paratyphi=Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi.
Figure 1Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019
Columns show total number of deaths for each pathogen, with error bars showing 95% uncertainty intervals, with the bars split into infectious syndromes. LRI=lower respiratory infection. iNTS=invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella. Salmonella Typhi=Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Salmonella Paratyphi=Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi. UTI=urinary tract infection. YLLs=years of life lost.
Figure 2Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019
Figure 3Pathogen responsible for the highest age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population (A) and for the highest age-standardised YLL rate per 100 000 population (B), for each country or territory, 2019
A baumannii=Acinetobacter baumannii. E coli=Escherichia coli. K pneumoniae=Klebsiella pneumoniae. S aureus=Staphylococcus aureus. S pneumoniae=Streptococcus pneumoniae. YLLs=years of life lost.
Figure 4Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and GBD super-region, 2019
Data are presented for the 14 pathogens with the largest number of global deaths; the Other group comprises the additional 19 bacteria estimated in this study. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. Salmonella Typhi=Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. YLLs=years of life lost.
Figure 5Global number of deaths, by pathogen, age, and sex groups, 2019
Data are presented for the 14 pathogens with the largest number of global deaths; the Other group comprises the additional 19 bacteria estimated in this study. Neonatal=0 days to 27 days old. Post-neonatal=28 days to <1 year old. Salmonella Typhi=Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi.
Discussion
Individually, four pathogens were associated with more than 750 000 deaths and 30 million YLLs globally in 2019, and their ranks as leading Level 3 causes of death in 2019 would be as follows: S aureus would rank as the 15th, E coli as the 18th, S pneumoniae as the 20th, and K pneumoniae as the 21st leading Level 3 cause of death. There was considerable variation in the burden of bacterial infections, with the greatest number of deaths occurring in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, where we clearly saw the effect of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The disparate burden in sub-Saharan Africa is magnified by the substantial YLL burden associated with these bacteria in this super-region compared with other super-regions.
, Although infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases each have their own SDG indicators (eg, SDG 3.3) and have substantial global public health investment (eg, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria), the bacterial pathogens we found to be associated with a greater fatal burden are not a major focus of any global public health initiatives. Only recently have there been calls to expand the scope of The Global Fund to include more common bacteria, although in the context of antimicrobial resistance.
S aureus was the leading bacterial pathogen in most countries and was the only pathogen associated with more than 1 million deaths and 34 million YLLs globally, yet there is no global public health investment directed at S aureus. Instead, S aureus is included in surgical site infection prevention
and antimicrobial resistance initiatives,
which focus on methicillin-resistant S aureus (known as MRSA), despite the fact that strains with such resistance comprise only a subset of the S aureus burden. Although WHO prioritised S aureus in 2014 as one of the seven bacteria of international concern, this was in the context of antimicrobial resistance and little has been done regarding the susceptible S aureus burden. Similarly, E coli and K pneumoniae are collectively associated with more deaths and YLLs than S pneumoniae or tuberculosis,
yet they receive comparatively little public health attention relative to their burden, and minimal research funding relative to other diseases with a comparable, or lower, burden. A 2020 analysis of global funding for infectious disease research found that HIV research was awarded US$42 billion in funding compared with $1·4 billion for research on Staphylococcus spp and $800 million for E coli research over the same period (between 2000 and 2017).
The investments in HIV research are certainly warranted and, although bacterial infections could be tackled with different overlapping strategies, this disparity in funding might have been driven, in part, by the shortage of global burden numbers for these bacterial pathogens.
and community programmes that focus on health education, management of malnutrition in LMICs, and the core principles of access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene.
,
Second, vaccination can have a substantial effect on the burden of bacterial infections through a number of routes. Implementation and uptake of vaccines for bacteria like S pneumoniae can directly reduce the burden of bacterial infections, and new generations of vaccines will target older age groups that we have found are significantly affected by this bacterial agent.
Beyond this, uptake of vaccination for non-bacterial infections like influenza, where bacterial superinfection is a common complication, can also reduce the burden of bacterial infections.
Additionally, vaccine development is crucial for bacteria for which no vaccine exists, and these estimates could help set vaccine development priorities.
However, issues on how to tackle the bacteria that can be present as commensal microbiota have to be considered. For example, the alteration of commensal bacteria can influence susceptibility to gastrointestinal diseases, which might be an issue when developing a vaccine against E coli; different biology and vaccinology approaches hold the promise of resolving this conundrum.
Third, availability of basic acute care services can reduce the number of deaths associated with these bacterial infections. Such services include timely access to appropriate antibiotics, microbiological capacity to identify the responsible pathogen of an infection, and provision of supportive care.
,
Finally, a strategic approach and ample investment in the development of new and effective antibiotics are essential to face the increasing threat posed by bacterial antimicrobial resistance and bacterial infections in general.
,
Many barriers to accessing these effective antimicrobials have been described. First, health-care-seeking behaviours are impeded by high out-of-pocket costs, driven by deficiencies in government funding for health and unaffordable drug prices in LMICs.
Second, unwarranted antibiotic use caused by poor education of health-care providers, regulatory issues, self-medication, and restricted availability of antibiotics can lead to the wrong antimicrobial being prescribed, which, if too broad, can promote resistance and, if ineffective, risks progression of infection.
Third, unstable supply chains and poor quality control can result in the desired antibiotic being unavailable or the dissemination of substandard or counterfeit antimicrobials to the consumer.
Improving access to antibiotics requires a nuanced and location-specific response because ease of access must be weighed against risk of antibiotic overuse (a problem compounded by the issue of self-medication in LMICs),
which contributes to the increase in antimicrobial resistance.
Furthermore, the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry must be taken into account.
In this study, we addressed the overall burden of infections both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials, but our previous study
highlighted the issue of resistance and its compounding effect on mortality rates. We argue that robust surveillance mechanisms in conjunction with these types of studies will be indispensable to understand the true burden of bacterial infections.
and bloodstream infections have arguably been included in the umbrella of more recent global sepsis initiatives;, however, intra-abdominal infections and peritonitis do not receive the same attention as other diseases with similar or lower fatal burden. Although overlap exists in the management of peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections with other bacterial infections (eg, antibiotics and identification of the infection’s source), management of peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections poses unique challenges in that radiological imaging is often required to establish a source and surgical intervention might be needed to achieve source control.
There is a substantial shortage of medical capacity and trained personnel in many LMICs to address peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections and other infections that require surgical intervention.
Recent estimates suggest 4·8 billion people do not have access to timely surgical services, with low-income countries estimated to have fewer than one provider per 100 000 population.
Compounding inadequate access to surgical services is the restricted availability of diagnostic radiology, with a recent analysis of ten LMICs across the Caribbean, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa finding that CT was available in only 6% of hospitals and ultrasound was available in only 50% of hospitals.
however, our findings suggest that a move towards region-specific empirical antibiotic recommendations might be more appropriate from an antibiotic stewardship and antimicrobial efficacy standpoint.
Region-specific guidance will also help in addressing inappropriate antibiotic use in LMICs, which is one of the key drivers of antimicrobial resistance.
We hope that these estimates might be used to guide empirical antibiotic use, yet data sparsity remains a major limitation in creating more granular estimates with sufficient confidence to inform individual clinicians in accordance with clinical needs and the aim to uphold antimicrobial stewardship.
,
A GBD study has shown that, in 2019, there were 9·65 million incident cases and 1·21 million deaths due to tuberculosis in both HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals.
There was also a greater incidence and an excess burden in males, which is comparable with the burden of bacterial agents estimated in this study. Geographically, most cases of tuberculosis in 2019 were found in the WHO regions of South-East Asia, Africa, and the Western Pacific,
,
which is comparable with the geographical spread of the burden of the 33 bacteria we investigated in this study.
Identification of a responsible pathogen in sepsis and other severe infections can help inform optimal antibiotic choice and duration, and lead clinicians to probable sources of infection. Without microbiological data, patients might remain on inappropriate or ineffective antibiotics that contribute to worse health outcomes and fuel the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Practical antibiotic prescribing is also affected because the distribution of pathogens and local patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility are unknown, which hamper the development of dependable treatment protocols. In a recent study,
investigators found that fewer than half of hospitals in ten LMICs had the capacity to do Gram staining, and we speculate that even fewer hospitals in this context could perform cultures and susceptibility testing.
Many locations have little or no microbiology data to inform local burden estimates, and so they must rely on modelled estimates to approximate the burden, resulting in wide uncertainty intervals. The barriers to building microbiology capacity in LMICs have been well described,
and overcoming these challenges requires greater investment and prioritisation of bacteriology capacity, and the development of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance networks.
The 7·7 million deaths associated with the 33 pathogens we investigated are deaths that occurred in people with infections caused by one of these bacteria; however, we cannot conclusively state that if all infections due to these 33 pathogens were eliminated, then 7·7 million deaths would have been prevented. Many of these deaths were identified as deaths due to sepsis, when the underlying cause was non-infectious. In a subset of these deaths, the underlying cause of death might have been so severe that a death would have occurred whether or not the infection took place. For example, someone with terminal pancreatic cancer who dies from E coli peritonitis is counted the same as a neonate who dies of neonatal sepsis due to E coli. However, most of the estimated 7·7 million deaths occurred when the infection with one of the 33 bacteria was the underlying cause of death, and in those cases, we could reasonably assume that those deaths would have been prevented if the infection had not occurred. Placing infections into discrete categories of clinical syndromes opens up the discussion of how to address bloodstream infections, a syndrome that is not always distinct from other clinical syndromes and is often an intermediary between a precipitating infection and sepsis. Our approach to infectious syndromes used a hierarchy process in which bloodstream infections were ranked the lowest—ie, if bloodstream infection was reported alongside any other infectious syndrome, the other infectious syndrome was used. In other words, bloodstream infections as reported here were primary bloodstream infections for which the point of entry or other associated infectious syndromes could not be identified.
In summary, our analyses show that bacterial infections are a clinically significant cause of health loss globally. Five pathogens were each involved in more than 500 000 deaths in 2019: S aureus, E coli, S pneumoniae, K pneumoniae, and P aeruginosa. Three infectious syndromes, each responsible for more than 1 million deaths in 2019, comprised more than 75% of deaths due to bacterial infections. A sobering reality is that a high burden of treatable infections occurred in very young age groups. Building stronger health systems with more robust diagnostic infrastructure, improved diagnostic imaging and microbiological capacity, and standardised workflows are crucial steps to address this substantial burden, together with implementing appropriate infection control and antimicrobial stewardship measures. Essential prevention strategies include improved access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, increased rates of vaccination, new vaccine development, and improving access to the appropriate antibiotic for an infection. There is a need to reconcile the right to antimicrobial access with non-judicious use, particularly with regard to expensive and newer generation antimicrobials. Predictive mathematical modelling and further advancements in genomic epidemiology of infections will increase insights at the global level to understand pathogens’ evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis, and will better inform future approaches.
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators
Kevin S Ikuta, Lucien R Swetschinski, Gisela Robles Aguilar, Fablina Sharara, Tomislav Mestrovic, Authia P Gray, Nicole Davis Weaver, Eve E Wool, Chieh Han, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Amirali Aali, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Getachew Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Amir Parsa Abhari, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Juan Manuel Acuna, Tigist Demssew Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Alicia V Aleman, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Kasim Allel, Sami Almustanyir, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Arianna Maever L Amit, Nivedita Anandavelane, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Dewi Anggraini, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Timur Aripov, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Sameh Attia, Marcel Ausloos, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Darshan B B, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Indrajit Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Neeraj Bedi, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Rose G Bender, Bharti Bhandari, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Saeid Bitaraf, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jiao Cai, Daniela Calina, Paulo Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Rosario Cárdenas, Muge Cevik, Joshua Chadwick, Jaykaran Charan, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Patrick R Ching, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Xiaochen Dai, Saswati Das, Anna Dastiridou, Sisay Abebe Debela, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Diriba Dereje, Msganaw Derese, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Belay Desye, Kartik Dhaduk, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Eleonora Dubljanin, Susanna J Dunachie, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Hisham Atan Edinur, Habtamu Bekele Ejigu, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Hassan El-Abid, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Amir Emami, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Shahab Falahi, Aida Fallahzadeh, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, João C Fernandes, Allegra Ferrari, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Balasankar Ganesan, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Reza Ghanbari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Amador Goodridge, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Md Abdul Hannan, Harapan Harapan, Shoaib Hassan, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie C D Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Linda Merin J, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Jayarajah, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Himal Kandel, Neeti Kapoor, Samad Karkhah, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Patrick DMC Katoto, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mona M Khater, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Niranjan Kissoon, Sonali Kochhar, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Fiorella Krapp Lopez, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Naveen Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Stephen S Lim, Wei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Michael J Loftus, Ayush Lohiya, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Galana Ayana Mamo, Yosef Manla, Miquel Martorell, Clara N Matei, Barney McManigal, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Neda Milevska Kostova, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Awoke Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Catrin E Moore, Maryam Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Shane Douglas Morrison, Majid Motaghinejad, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Getaneh Baye B Mulu, Sandra B Munro, Saravanan Muthupandian, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Himanshi Narang, Zuhair S Natto, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shumaila Naz, Ionut Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Jerry John Nutor, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Rahman Md Obaidur, Vivek Anand Ojha, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Nikita Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Shahina Pardhan, Jose L Paredes, Utsav Parekh, Eun-Cheol Park, Seoyeon Park, Ashish Pathak, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Minjin Peng, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Marcos Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Norberto Perico, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Indrashis Podder, Nayanum Pokhrel, Ramesh Poluru, Maarten J Postma, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Ibrahim Qattea, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Saber Raeghi, Sima Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Leila Rahbarnia, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Pradhum Ram, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Sowmya J Rao, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Misganu Teshoma Regasa, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Melese Abate Reta, Nazila Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Abanoub Riad, Rezaul Karim Ripon, Kristina E Rudd, Basema Saddik, Saeid Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Mohsen Safaei, Azam Safary, Sher Zaman Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Francesco Sanmarchi, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Pritik A Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Purva Sharma, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Ali Sheikhy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, K M Shivakumar, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Mustafa Kamal Sikder, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Damtew Damtew Solomon, Yimeng Song, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Miklós Szócska, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Elahe Taki, Ker-Kan Tan, Sarmila Tandukar, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Belay Negash Tefera, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Samar Tharwat, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Imad I Tleyjeh, Christopher E Troeger, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Jef Van den Eynde, H Rogier van Doorn, Siavash Vaziri, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Harimadhav Viswanathan, Bay Vo, Abdul Waris, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Sajad Yaghoubi, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya Yahya, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mazyar Zahir, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Sojib Bin Zaman, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Peng Zheng, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zoladl, Alimuddin Zumla, Simon I Hay, Christiane Dolecek, Benn Sartorius, Christopher J L Murray, and Mohsen Naghavi.
Affiliations
Division of Infectious Diseases (K S Ikuta MD), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (K S Ikuta MD, L R Swetschinski MSc, T Mestrovic PhD, A P Gray BSc, N Davis Weaver MPH, E E Wool MPH, C Han BA, A Gershberg Hayoon MSc, A Y Aravkin PhD, R G Bender BS, X Dai PhD, N J Kassebaum MD, H H Kyu PhD, Prof S S Lim PhD, A H Mokdad PhD, C E Troeger MPH, P Zheng PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof M Naghavi PhD), Department of Applied Mathematics (A Y Aravkin PhD), Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine (A Y Aravkin PhD, X Dai PhD, N J Kassebaum MD, H H Kyu PhD, Prof S S Lim PhD, A Misganaw PhD, A H Mokdad PhD, P Zheng PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, B Sartorius PhD, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof M Naghavi PhD), Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine (N J Kassebaum MD, V Krishnamoorthy MD), Department of Global Health (S Kochhar MD), Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (S D Morrison MD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Nuffield Department of Medicine (G Robles Aguilar DPhil, H van Doorn PhD, B Sartorius PhD), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health (S J Dunachie PhD, S Lewycka PhD, B McManigal PhD, B Sartorius PhD), Oxford Centre for Global Health Research (C Dolecek PhD), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Independent Consultant, Seattle, WA, USA (F Sharara MS); University Centre Varazdin (T Mestrovic PhD), University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine (A Aali MD), E-Learning Center (M Ghasemi Nour MD), School of Medicine (A Haddadi Avval Dipl), Applied Biomedical Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Biotechnology Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology (S M Abate MSc), Dilla University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC) (M Abbasi-Kangevari MD, S Azadnajafabad MD, M Keykhaei MD, M Rashidi MD, N Rezaei MD, Z Abbasi-Kangevari BSc, S Momtazmanesh MD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y Alimohamadi PhD), School of Medicine (A Fallahzadeh MD, S Momtazmanesh MD, A Nowroozi BMedSc), Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC) (M Keykhaei MD), Children’s Medical Center (F Kompani MD), Tehran Heart Center (E Mehrabi Nasab MD), Faculty of Medicine (E Mohammadi MD, E Shaker MD, P Shobeiri MD), Department of Pharmacology (N Noroozi DVM), Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (Prof V Rahimi-Movaghar MD), Medical School (A Sheikhy MD), Department of Microbiology (E Taki PhD), Department of Pharmacognosy (A Alizadeh MSc), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R Heidari-Soureshjani MSc); Social Determinants of Health Research Center (Z Abbasi-Kangevari BSc, M Rashidi MD), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (S Ahmadi PhD), Functional Neurosurgery Research Center (E Jamshidi PharmD), Department of Neurosurgery (H Khayat Kashani MD), Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (M Motaghinejad PhD), School of Medicine (S Nejadghaderi MD, M Zangiabadian MD), Medical Ethics and Law Research Center (M Taheri PhD), Urology and Nephrology Research Center (M Zahir MD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tropical Medicine Department (S Abd-Elsalam PhD), Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Medical Anatomy (G Abebe MSc), School of Nursing (T M Ayana MSc), Department of Midwifery (F W Demisse MSc, S A A Dessalegni MSc, B T Dora MSc, B Oumer MPH, G Temesgen MSc), Department of Anatomy (S Demissie MSc), School of Public Health (N B Sidemo MPH), Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery (A Abedi MD), Keck School of Medicine (A Abedi MD), Department of Radiology (A Gholamrezanezhad MD), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (S Salehi MD), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Medicine (A Abhari MD, S Bagherieh BSc), Department of Environmental Health Engineering (A Fatehizadeh PhD), Health Services Management (M Mohseni PhD), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Laboratory Technology Sciences Department (H Abidi PhD), Department of Nursing (M Zoladl PhD), Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Family and Community Health (R G Aboagye MPH), University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (A Absalan PhD), Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Research and Development (A Absalan PhD), Satras Biotechnology Company, Tehran, Iran; Department of Banking and Finance (Prof H Abubaker Ali PhD), Diplomacy and Public Relations Department (A Omar Bali PhD), University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (Prof J M Acuna MD), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work (Prof J M Acuna MD), Department of Epidemiology (R Jebai MPH), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology (T D Adane MSc, T D Adane MSc), University Medical Center Groningen (Prof M J Postma PhD), School of Economics and Business (Prof M J Postma PhD), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Centre for Social Research in Health (I Y Addo PhD), UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit (I Y Addo PhD), Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Public Health and Tropical Medicine (O A Adegboye PhD), James Cook University, Towsville, QL, Australia; Department of Neonatology (M Adnan MD), Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, USA; Faculty of Medicine (Q E S Adnani PhD), Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Life Sciences (M S Afzal PhD), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine (Prof S Afzal PhD), King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health (Prof S Afzal PhD), Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team (Z B Aghdam MD), Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center (M Akbarzadeh-Khiavi DPhil), School of Nursing and Midwifery (H Hassankhani PhD), Department of Medical Surgical Nursing (M Lotfi PhD), Medical Education Research Center (M Lotfi PhD), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (Prof A Mahmoodpoor MD), Midwifery Department (Prof M Mirghafourvand PhD), Department of Radiology (M Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari MD), Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center (S Mousavi-Aghdas MD), Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center (A Safary PhD), Drug Applied Research Center (H Samadi Kafil PhD), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Public Health (B O Ahinkorah MPhil), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Biochemistry (A Ahmad MPhil), Department of Pharmacology (M Tabish MPharm), Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing (A R Ahmad MPhil), International Relations & Diplomacy, Ranya, Iraq; Department of Administration (A R Ahmad MPhil), University of Raparin, Ranya, Iraq; Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine (R Ahmad PhD), Forensic Medicine Division (Prof R G Menezes MD), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences (S Ahmad MPhil), Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy (S Ahmad FMCPH), MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy (A Ahmed FMedSci), Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy (A Ahmed FMedSci), Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Biosciences (H Ahmed MBBS), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pathology and Microbiology (J Q Ahmed MDS, G A Y Yahya MSc), Department of Pharmacology (B A Zaman MSc), University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (T Ahmed Rashid MBBS), University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research (M Ajami DPhil), National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (M Ajami DPhil), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health (B Aji DrPH), Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; Department of Public Health (C J Akunna MBBS), The Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Public Health (C J Akunna MBBS), Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria; Geriatric and Long Term Care Department (H Al Hamad DNB, B Sathian PhD), Rumailah Hospital (H Al Hamad DNB), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center (F Alahdab MDS), Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA; John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine (Z Al-Aly MSPH), Division of Infectious Diseases (P R Ching MD), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA; Clinical Epidemiology Center (Z Al-Aly MSPH), US Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pharmacy (M A Aldeyab DPhil), University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK; Department of Preventive Medicine (A V Aleman MBBS), University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay; Faculty of Nursing (F A N Alhalaiqa DM, Prof A M Batiha PhD), Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan (F A N Alhalaiqa DM); Institute of Health Research (R K Alhassan MPharm, M Immurana PhD), University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Erbil Technical Health College (B A Ali MBBS), Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Pharmacy (B A Ali MBBS), Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biological Sciences (L Ali PhD, S Naz PhD), National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology (S S Ali PhD, M Suleman PhD), University of Swat, Pakistan, Swat, Pakistan; Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center (Y Alimohamadi PhD), Health Management and Economics Research Center (V Alipour PhD, J Arabloo PhD, A Rezapour PhD), Department of Health Economics (V Alipour PhD), School of Medicine (M Dodangeh MD), Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (F Dorostkar PhD), Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center (B Eshrati PhD), Department of Health Services Management (H Mousavi Isfahani PhD), Department of Physiology (H Pazoki Toroudi PhD), Physiology Research Center (H Pazoki Toroudi PhD), Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center (S Salahi MD), Trauma and Injury Research Center (M Taheri PhD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (M Moradi MD); Department of Health Policy and Management (Prof S M Aljunid PhD), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding (Prof S M Aljunid PhD), National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; Department of Disease Control (K Allel MSc), Department of Clinical Research (S Bhattarai MD), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute for Global Health (K Allel MSc), Department of Infection (Prof A Zumla PhD), University College London, London, UK; College of Medicine (S Almustanyir MD), Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (S Almustanyir MD); School of Graduate Studies (E K Ameyaw MPhil), Lingnan University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; School of Medicine and Public Health (A L Amit BS), Center for Research and Innovation (V F Pepito MSc), Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine (N Anandavelane MD), Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Baskaran MD, P Bhardwaj MD, Prof P R Raghav MD, H Viswanathan MBBS), School of Public Health (P Bhardwaj MD), Department of Pharmacology (J Charan MD, S Singh DM), Department of Surgical Oncology (Prof S Misra MCh), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Faculty of Pharmacy (Prof R Ancuceanu PhD), Cardiology Department (C Andrei PhD), Internal Medicine Department (M Hostiuc PhD), Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics (S Hostiuc PhD), Department of Dermatology (C N Matei PhD), Department of General Surgery (I Negoi PhD, B Socea PhD), Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Statistics and Econometrics (Prof T Andrei PhD, Prof M Ausloos PhD, Prof C Herteliu PhD, I Petcu PhD), Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Microbiology (D Anggraini MD), Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Microbiology Laboratory (D Anggraini MD), Arifin Achmad Hospital, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwifery (A Ansar PhD, M Rahman PhD), The Judith Lumley Centre (B Ayala Quintanilla PhD), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Special Interest Group International Health (A Ansar PhD), Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences (A E Anyasodor PhD), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; College of Art and Science (D Areda PhD), Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (D Areda PhD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Public Health and Healthcare Management (T Aripov PhD), Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (T Aripov PhD); Department of Biophysics (A A Artamonov PhD), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Department of Maternal and Child Health (J Arulappan DSc), Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Molecular and Cell Biology (R T Aruleba MSc), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health (M Asaduzzaman MPH), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology (T Ashraf MS), University Institute of Public Health (A Hanif PhD), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Immunology (S Athari PhD), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Biomedical Science (D Atlaw MSc), Department of Anatomy (D D Solomon MSc), Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (S Attia MSc), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany; School of Business (Prof M Ausloos PhD), University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (T Awoke MSc, A Melese MSc), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G T Wassie MPH), Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru (B Ayala Quintanilla PhD); School of Medicine (A Azari Jafari MD, S Mirmoeeni MD), Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (H L Dsouza MD, J Padubidri MD), Kasturba Medical College of Mangalore (D B B MD), Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS) (P Hoogar PhD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India (J Padubidri MD); Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (M Badar PhD), Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science (A D Badiye PhD, N Kapoor PhD), Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Nursing (N Baghcheghi PhD), Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Unit of Biochemistry (A A Baig PhD), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology (I Banerjee MD), Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A Barac PhD), Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine (A Barac PhD, I M Ilic PhD), Institute of Microbiology and Immunology (E Dubljanin PhD), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology (M Bardhan MD), National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India; Department of Molecular Microbiology (M Bardhan MD), Department of Biostatistics (V K Kamal PhD), India Cancer Research Consortium (Prof R Mehrotra DPhil), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Translational Medicine (F Barone-Adesi PhD), University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Clinical Sciences Department (H J Barqawi MPhil, Prof R Halwani PhD), College of Medicine (Prof R Halwani PhD), Mass Communication Department (A Makki PhD), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (B Saddik PhD), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public & Environmental Health (A Barrow MPH), University of The Gambia, Brikama, The Gambia; Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit (A Barrow MPH), Ministry of Health, Kotu, The Gambia; Department of Academics (S Basu MD), Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India; School of Public Health (Prof N Bedi MD), Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India; Epidemiology Department (M Khan MD), Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center (S Mohan PhD), Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia (Prof N Bedi MD); Medical Laboratory Science (M A Belete MSc), Department of Environmental Health (M Gebrehiwot DSc), Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology (U I Belgaumi MD, V Kadashetti MDS), Public Health Dentistry Department (Prof K M Shivakumar PhD), Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India; Department of Physiology (B Bhandari MD), Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India; School of Public Health (D Bhandari PhD), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Research Laboratory (D Bhandari PhD), Central Department of Public Health (R Paudel MPH), Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (U Paudel PhD), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Global Health Neurology Lab (S Bhaskar PhD), NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology (S Bhaskar PhD), South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics (K Bhattacharyya MSc), National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India; Department of Statistics (K Bhattacharyya MSc), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (S Bhattarai MD), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (Prof S Bitaraf PhD), Department of Pediatric Neurology (S Sadeghian MD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health (D Buonsenso MD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Roma, Italy; Global Health Research Institute (D Buonsenso MD), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Roma, Italy; School of Public Health and Health Systems (Z A Butt PhD), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health (Z A Butt PhD), Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Institute of Microengineering (F Caetano dos Santos PhD), Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Health and Environment (J Cai MSc, W Liu PhD), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy (Prof D Calina PhD), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania, Craiova, Romania; Department of Pediatrics (Prof P Camargos PhD), Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health (Prof A C Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá MSc), Departamento de Clínica Médica (A T Nogueira de Sá MSc), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Internal Medicine Department (Prof L A Cámera MD), Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Prof L A Cámera MD, Prof P R Valdez MEd); Department of Health Care (Prof R Cárdenas DSc), Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Infection and Global Health Research (M Cevik MD), Population and Behavioural Sciences Division (A F Fagbamigbe PhD), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Regional Infectious Diseases Unit (M Cevik MD), NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; ICMR School of Public Health (J Chadwick MD), Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (V K Kamal PhD), National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology (A Chaurasia MD), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Community Medicine (Prof S G Choudhari MD, Prof A M Gaidhane MD), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; School of Public Health (E K Chowdhury PhD), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (E K Chowdhury PhD, Prof Y Guo PhD), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (S Li PhD), Department of Infectious Diseases (M J Loftus MBBS), Department of Medicine (S Zaman MSc), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine (F R Chowdhury PhD), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health (D Chu PhD), VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Surgery (I S Chukwu BMedSc), Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Section Global Health and Rehabilitation (O Dadras DrPH), Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (O Dadras DrPH), Center for International Health (CIH) (S Hassan Mphil), Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS) (S Hassan Mphil), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Public Health (F T Dagnaw MPH), Department of Midwifery (B G Kassa MSc), Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry (S Das MD), Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; 2nd University Ophthalmology Department (A Dastiridou MD), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Ophthalmology Department (A Dastiridou MD), Medical School (F Mulita PhD), University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; School of Public Health (S Debela MPH), Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences (D Dereje MSc), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing (M Derese MSc), Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia; Graduate Medical Education (H D Desai MD), Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Public Health (F N Dessalegn MPH), Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health (B Desye MSc), Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine (K Dhaduk MD), Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, PA, USA; Health Research Section (M Dhimal PhD), Research Section (U Paudel PhD), Research Department – Infectious Diseases (N Pokhrel MD), Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Pharmacy Practice (S Dhingra PhD), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India; Department of Environmental Health (N Diao DSc), Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology (Z S Natto DrPH), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Complexity Sciences (Prof D Diaz PhD), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (Prof D Diaz PhD), Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico; Development of Research and Technology Center (S Djalalinia PhD), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Health Science Center (D Dongarwar MS), University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (H L Dsouza MD, P H Shetty MD), Department of Community Medicine (N Joseph MD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand (S J Dunachie PhD); Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine (O C Durojaiye MPH), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; School of Health Sciences (H A Edinur PhD), Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Department of Maternal and Neonatal Nursing (H B Ejigu MSc), Department of Health Informatics (D B Enyew MSc), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G A Mamo MPH), Department of Public Health and Health Policy (B N Tefera MPH), Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics (M Ekholuenetale MSc, A F Fagbamigbe PhD), Faculty of Public Health (M Ekholuenetale MSc), Department of Health Promotion and Education (S E Ibitoye MPH), Department of Community Medicine (O S Ilesanmi PhD), College of Medicine (A P Okekunle PhD), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences (T C Ekundayo PhD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Direction de L’épidémiologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies (Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control) (H El-Abid PhD), Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine (M Elhadi MD), University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt (M A Elmonem PhD); Burn and Wound Healing Research Center (A Emami PhD, F Javanmardi MSc), Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health (P Habibzadeh MD), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology (H Nouraei MSc, Prof K Pakshir PhD), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health (L Engelbert Bain PhD), University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK; Department of International Cyber Education (R Erkhembayar MD), Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Internal Medicine Department (F Etaee MD), Department of Genetics (S Pawar PhD), School of the Environment (Y Song PhD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Zoonotic Disease Research Center (S Falahi PhD), Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute (A Fallahzadeh MD, A Sheikhy MD), Department of Epidemiology (S Nejadghaderi MD, E Shaker MD), Department of International Studies (P Shobeiri MD), Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran (E Mohammadi MD); Department of Health Policy and Administration (E A Faraon MD), University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; School of Pharmacy (G Fekadu MSc), Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care (J Huang MD, C Zhong MD), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Pharmacy (G Fekadu MSc), Department of Nursing (G Fetensa MSc), Institute of Health Science, Department of Midwifery (M Regasa MSc), Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry (J C Fernandes PhD), Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL) (A Ferrari MD), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Psychiatry Department (I Filip MD), Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA; School of Health Sciences (I Filip MD), A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA; Institute of Public Health (F Fischer PhD), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Parasitology (M Foroutan PhD), Faculty of Medicine (M Foroutan PhD), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Health Services Management Training Centre (P A Gaal PhD, T Joo PhD, J Lám PhD, T Palicz MD), Faculty of Health and Public Administration (M Szócska PhD), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences (P A Gaal PhD), Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Community Medicine Department (M A Gadanya FMCPH), Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine (M A Gadanya FMCPH), Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; School of Global Health (B Ganesan PhD), Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Occupational Therapy (B Ganesan PhD), Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India; Department of Environmental Health Engineering (R Ghanbari PhD), School of Public Health (A Ghashghaee BSc), Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases (R Kalhor PhD), Health Services Management Department (R Kalhor PhD), Department of Food Hygiene and Safety (Prof R Mahmoudi PhD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (S Rafiei PhD), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Iran (A Gholizadeh PhD); Department of Health Systems and Policy Research (M Golechha PhD), Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Genetics (P Goleij MSc), Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (D Golinelli MD, J Lenzi PhD, F Sanmarchi MD), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit (A Goodridge PhD), Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services), City of Knowledge, Panama; Department of Community Medicine (D A Gunawardane MD), University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Epidemiology (Prof Y Guo PhD), Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (R Gupta MPH), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition (R Gupta MPH), BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Toxicology Department (S Gupta MSc), Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India; School of Medicine (V Gupta PhD), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences (Prof V K Gupta PhD), School of Engineering (N Rabiee PhD), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Midwifery (A Guta MSc), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Prof M Hannan PhD), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of Anatomy (Prof M Hannan PhD), Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea; Medical Research Unit (H Harapan PhD), Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran (H Hassankhani PhD); Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K Hayat MS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (K Hayat MS), Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Research Unit of Population Health (B Heibati PhD), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA (G Heidari MD); Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center (M Heidari PhD), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A Mohammadian-Hafshejani PhD), Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies (R Sheikhi BHlthSci), Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; School of Business (Prof C Herteliu PhD), London South Bank University, London, UK; Department of Public Health (D Z Heyi MPH), Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Applied Microbiology (K Hezam PhD), Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Department of Microbiology (K Hezam PhD), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Pulmonology (N Horita PhD), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (N Horita PhD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Social and Environmental Health Research (M Hossain MPH), Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences (M Hossain MPH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab (M Hosseinzadeh PhD, Prof S Lee PhD), Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Clinical Legal Medicine Department (S Hostiuc PhD), National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Burn Research Center (S Hoveidamanesh MD), Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation (S Hussain PhD), Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses (S Hussain PhD), Department of Public Health (A Riad DDS), Czech National Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation (A Riad DDS), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biomolecular Sciences (N R Hussein PhD), University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine (O S Ilesanmi PhD), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology (Prof M D Ilic PhD), University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; College of Pharmacy (M Imam PhD), Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Division of Community Health and Family Medicine (L R Inbaraj MD), Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India; Department of Medicine (A Iradukunda MD), University of Burundi, Burundi; ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi (A Iradukunda MD); Department of Clinical Pharmacy (Prof N Ismail PhD), MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia; School of Health Systems and Public Health (C C D Iwu MPH), Department of Medical Microbiology (M A Reta MSc), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (C J Iwu PhD); Department of Global Health (C J Iwu PhD, P D Katoto PhD), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics (L J BDS), Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India; Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD), Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Comparative Economic Studies (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD), Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine (E Jamshidi PharmD), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Health Informatics Lab (T Javaheri PhD), Department of Computer Science (R Rawassizadeh PhD), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Mycology (J Javidnia PhD), Department of Neurology (A Sharifi-Razavi MD), Medical-Surgical Nursing (S Shorofi PhD), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Centre of Studies and Research (S Jayapal PhD), Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (U Jayarajah MD), University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Surgery (U Jayarajah MD), National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine (R P Jha MSc), Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine (R P Jha MSc), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary (T Joo PhD, T Palicz MD); Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center (F Joukar PhD), Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center (F Joukar PhD), Department of Medical‑Surgical Nursing (S Karkhah MSc), Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (J J Jozwiak PhD), University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Medicine (S Kacimi MD), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (L R Kalankesh PhD), Department of Anatomy (J Majidpoor PhD), Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Save Sight Institute (H Kandel PhD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital (H Kandel PhD), South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health (P D Katoto PhD), Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences (H Khajuria PhD, B P Nayak PhD), Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics (A Khan PhD), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatrics (I A Khan MD), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Population Science (M Khan PhD), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Family Medicine Department (M A Khan MSc), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Primary Care Department (M A Khan MSc), NHS North West London, London, UK; Department of Basic Medical Sciences (M M Khatatbeh PhD), Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Medical Parasitology (M M Khater MD), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health (Prof J Khubchandani PhD), New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; College of Medicine (H Kim BN), Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Genomics and Digital Health (M Kim MD), Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea; Public Health Center (M Kim MD), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea; Department of Nutrition (R W Kimokoti MD), Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Prof N Kissoon MD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India (S Kochhar MD); Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia (S Kosen MD); Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine (Prof P A Koul MD), Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India (S Koulmane Laxminarayana MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt (F Krapp Lopez MD), Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine (J L Paredes MD), Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences (F Krapp Lopez MD), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Anthropology (Prof K Krishan PhD), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Anesthesiology (V Krishnamoorthy MD), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Medicine (V Kulkarni MS), Queensland Health, Brisbane, QL, Australia; Amity Institute of Biotechnology (N Kumar PhD, E Upadhyay PhD), Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences (O P Kurmi PhD), Coventry University, Coventry, UK; Department of Medicine (O P Kurmi PhD), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences (A T Olagunju MD), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Nephrology (A Kuttikkattu MD), Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (D K Lal MD); NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary (J Lám PhD); Unit of Genetics and Public Health (Prof I Landires MD), Unit of Microbiology and Public Health (V Nuñez-Samudio PhD), Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health (V Nuñez-Samudio PhD), Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama (Prof I Landires MD); Department of Otorhinolaryngology (S Lasrado MS), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (S Lewycka PhD), Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatrics (Prof R Lodha MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Infectious Diseases (M J Loftus MBBS), Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health (A Lohiya MD), Kalyan Singh Super Specialty Cancer Institute, Lucknow, India; Department of Health Economics (L Lorenzovici MSc), Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Doctoral Studies (L Lorenzovici MSc), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Tirgu Mures, Romania; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy (M A Mahmoud PhD), Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Primary Care and Public Health (Prof A Majeed MD, Prof S Rawaf MD), Imperial College London, London, UK; Heart and Vascular Institute (Y Manla MD), Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (M Martorell PhD), Centre for Healthy Living (M Martorell PhD), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Association of Resident Physicians, Bucharest, Romania (C N Matei PhD); Civil Engineering Faculty (Prof O Mendoza-Cano PhD), University of Colima, Coquimatlán City, Mexico; Department of International Dx (A A Mentis MD), BGI Genomics, Shenzhen, China; Anaesthesiology Department (G Micha PhD), “Helena Venizelou” General and Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece; Polish National Cancer Registry (I Michalek PhD), Department of Pathology (I Michalek PhD), Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Institute for Social Innovation, Skopje, Macedonia (N Milevska Kostova PhD); Department of Health Policy and Management (N Milevska Kostova PhD), Centre for Regional Policy Research and Cooperation ‘Studiorum’, Skopje, Macedonia; College of Applied Medical Sciences (S A Mir PhD), Majmaah University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Programme (Prof E M Mirrakhimov PhD), Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease (Prof E M Mirrakhimov PhD), National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Social Determinants of Health Center (M Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari MD), Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran; Medical Laboratory Sciences (A S Misganaw MSc), Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology (A S Misganaw MSc), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Data Management Center for Health (A Misganaw PhD), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Information Technology (M Mohammadi PhD), Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit (S Mohammed PhD), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Care Management (S Mohammed PhD), Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Transdisciplinary Research (S Mohan PhD), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India; Health Services Management (M Mohseni PhD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit (L Monasta DSc), Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection (C E Moore PhD), St George’s University of London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Biochemistry (M Moradi Sarabi PhD), Department of Allied Medical Sciences (M Moradi Sarabi PhD), Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology (Prof A Mousavi Khaneghah PhD), Prof Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S Mubarik MS), School of Medicine (Z Zhang PhD), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Surgery (F Mulita PhD, G Verras MD), General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health (G B B Mulu MSc), Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Scientific Communications Department (S B Munro PhD), Invitae, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (S Muthupandian PhD), Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Saveetha Dental College (S Muthupandian PhD), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Health Workforce Department (T S Nair MD), World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmacy (A Naqvi PhD), University of Reading, Reading, UK; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (H Narang MBBS), Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, India; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (H Narang MBBS), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Department of Dental Public Health (Z S Natto DrPH), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology (M Naveed PhD), University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of General Surgery (I Negoi PhD), Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Estia Health Blakehurst (S Neupane Kandel BSN), Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (C Ngwa MSc), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan (R K Niazi PhD); School of Nursing (J Nutor PhD), Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI) (C I Nzoputam MPH), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology (O J Nzoputam PhD), University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology (O J Nzoputam PhD), Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Administrative and Economic Sciences Department (Prof B Oancea PhD), University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research (R M Obaidur PhD), National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan (M Shigematsu PhD); Global Health Nursing (R M Obaidur PhD), St Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry (V A Ojha MD), ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Bihta, Patna, India; Department of Biochemistry (V A Ojha MD, Prof A Prashant PhD), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Food and Nutrition (A P Okekunle PhD), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Pharmacy (O C Okonji MSc), University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry (A T Olagunju MD), University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria (B O Olusanya PhD); Mass Communication Department (E Omer PhD), Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization (N Otstavnov BA), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia; Department of Respiratory Medicine (Prof M P A DNB), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Public Health (A Pana PhD), Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Department of Health Metrics (A Pana PhD), Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania; Vision and Eye Research Institute (Prof S Pardhan PhD), Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (U Parekh MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Department of Preventive Medicine (Prof E Park PhD), Institute of Health Services Research (Prof E Park PhD), Yonsei University College of Medicine (S Park BEng), College of Medicine (Prof J Shin MD), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (Prof A Pathak PhD), RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India; Department of Global Public Health (Prof A Pathak PhD), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infection Control (M Peng MPH), Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China; The First Clinical College (M Peng MPH), Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Neurology (U Pensato MD), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Institute of Collective Health (Prof M Pereira PhD), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry (Prof M F P Peres MD), University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) (Prof M F P Peres MD), Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy (N Perico MD, Prof G Remuzzi MD); International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan (Z Z Piracha PhD, Prof U Saeed PhD); Department of Dermatology (I Podder MD), College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India; Data Management and Analysis (R Poluru PhD), The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Non Communicable Diseases Research Center (N Pourtaheri PhD), Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Department of Neonatology (I Qattea MD), Department of Pediatrics (S Sankararaman MD), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department (Prof M Rabiee PhD), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea (N Rabiee PhD); College of Medicine (A Radfar MD), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Laboratory Sciences (S Raeghi PhD), Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center (L Rahbarnia PhD), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development (M Rahman DrPH), University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions (M Rahman PhD), Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center (A Rahmani PhD), National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Community Medicine (V Rahmanian PhD), Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Cardiology (P Ram MD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Institute of Food Science and Nutrition (M A Ranjha BSc), University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Department of Oral Pathology (S Rao MDS), Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Department of Geography (A Rasul PhD), Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Engineering (Z Ratan MSc), Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; School of Health and Society (Z Ratan MSc), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Academic Public Health England (Prof S Rawaf MD), Public Health England, London, UK; Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences (M Razeghinia MSc), Medical Laboratory Sciences (M Sahebazzamani MSc), Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran; Department of Immunology (M Razeghinia MSc), Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biological Sciences (Prof E M M Redwan PhD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research (Prof E M M Redwan PhD), Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Medical Laboratory Science (M A Reta MSc), Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Informatics (R K Ripon MSPH), Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Critical Care Medicine (K E Rudd MD), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Prof U Saeed PhD), Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan; Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center (M Safaei PhD), Department of Infectious Disease (Prof S Vaziri MD), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing (S Z Safi PhD), MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM) (S Z Safi PhD), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medical Biochemistry (M Sahebazzamani MSc), Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Development Studies (H Sahoo PhD), International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Medical Laboratory (S Salahi BMedSc), Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department (S Salahi MD), Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Health Policy and Management (H Salari PhD), Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Entomology (A M Samy PhD), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biology (N Sanadgol PhD), Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Department of Pediatrics (S Sankararaman MD), University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences (B Sathian PhD), Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK; Department of Public Health Sciences (M Sawhney PhD), University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (G Saya MD), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Emergency Department (S Senthilkumaran MD), Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A Seylani BS), National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (P A Shah MBBS), Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant (P A Shah MBBS), HealthCare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan (M A Shaikh MD); Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology (Prof M Z Shakhmardanov PhD, A A Skryabina MD), Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Public Health (M M Sharew MPH), University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Oncology (P Sharma MD), Kent Hospital, Warwick, RI, USA; Infectious Diseases Research Center (H Shirzad-Aski PhD), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences (S Shorofi PhD), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Pharmacy (S Shrestha PharmD), Monash University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing (M M Sibhat MSc), Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of International Health (M K Sikder PhD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources (Prof L M R Silva PhD), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre (Prof L M R Silva PhD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; School of Medicine (Prof J A Singh MD), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine Service (Prof J A Singh MD), US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiodiagnosis (P Singh MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Maternal and Child Health Division (M Siraj MSc, S Zaman MSc), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry (S S Siwal PhD), Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India; Clinical Branch (V Y Skryabin MD), Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia; Addiction Psychiatry Department (V Y Skryabin MD), Addictology Department (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; Department of Surgery (B Socea PhD), “Sf. Pantelimon” Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biomedical Science (D D Solomon MSc), Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Division of Community Medicine (C T Sreeramareddy MD), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Life Sciences (M Suleman PhD), Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; National Institute of Epidemiology (R Suliankatchi Abdulkader MD), Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Maternal and Child Health (S Sultana MPH), Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Nutrition Sciences (S Tabatabaeizadeh PhD), Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Surgery (K Tan PhD), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Science, Technology and Natural Resources (S Tandukar PhD), Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Economics (N Y Tat MS), Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Research and Innovation (N Y Tat MS), Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology (V Y Tat BS), University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Public Health (Y M Tefera MPH), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (M Temsah MD), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit (S Tharwat MD), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Clinical Epidemiology (A Thiyagarajan MPH), Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany; Infectious Diseases Department (Prof I I Tleyjeh MD), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases (Prof I I Tleyjeh MD), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Pediatric Cardiology (K Umapathi MD), Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA; Clinical Cancer Research Center (S Valadan Tahbaz PhD, S Yahyazadeh Jabbari MD), Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology (S Valadan Tahbaz PhD), Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Prof P R Valdez MEd); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (J Van den Eynde BSc), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit – Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam (H van Doorn PhD); College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine (G Verras MD), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Faculty of Information Technology (B Vo PhD), HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Biomedical Sciences (A Waris MS), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Community Medicine (N D Wickramasinghe MD), Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Clinical Microbiology (S Yaghoubi PhD), Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Health Management (A Yigit PhD, V Yiğit PhD), Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye; Department of Pediatrics (D Yon MD), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology (N Yonemoto PhD), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan; Department of Public Health (N Yonemoto PhD), Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Research and Development Department (I Zare BSc), Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC) (Prof A Zumla PhD), University College London Hospitals, London, UK; Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (C Dolecek PhD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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